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	<title>
	Comments on: Pluto Has Tail, X-Rays	</title>
	<atom:link href="https://gregladen.com/blog/2016/09/17/pluto-has-tail-x-rays/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>https://gregladen.com/blog/2016/09/17/pluto-has-tail-x-rays/</link>
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		<title>
		By: Eric Lund		</title>
		<link>https://gregladen.com/blog/2016/09/17/pluto-has-tail-x-rays/#comment-464455</link>

		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Eric Lund]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 22 Sep 2016 20:22:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/?p=22935#comment-464455</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[&lt;blockquote&gt;You can wonder if, in absence of an atmosphere, like mercury, whether it would have a tail, and THAT would be a similar one to that from pluto.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

We don&#039;t have to wonder whether Mercury has a tail, because such a tail has been observed. Mercury is known to have an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%27s_magnetic_field&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;intrinsic magnetic field.&lt;/a&gt;. This field is only about 1% of the strength of Earth&#039;s magnetic field, so distance and time scales of the solar wind&#039;s interaction with Mercury are considerably shorter than for Earth, but the physics is otherwise the same. Material from the sunward side of Mercury is ablated and photoionized into an ionosphere (as opposed to being dissociated and then photoionized at Earth), and these ions (Na+ being the most abundant, because sodium is relatively common and has a very low first ionization potential) are detectable downtail, in the same way we see O+ from Earth&#039;s ionosphere downtail. The chemistry may be different, but the physics is the same.

Venus does not have an intrinsic magnetic field, so the physics of how the solar wind interacts with it has important differences. The entire dayside atmosphere is exposed to the solar wind, not just the cusp and polar cap regions like at Earth and Mercury. The interaction is similar to what we see at comets, the main difference being that Venus has a much stronger gravitational field and therefore loses proportionately less material.

The unknown with Pluto is whether it has an intrinsic magnetic field or not. If yes, then the interaction will be similar to Mercury&#039;s, where an ionosphere that has formed due to ablation from the surface contributes to a magnetically confined tail. If not, then Venus is your model for the interaction. Again, it&#039;s not necessarily the same chemistry, but it is the same physics. The solar wind doesn&#039;t care whether the ion it picks up was already in the atmosphere or freshly ablated from the surface.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>You can wonder if, in absence of an atmosphere, like mercury, whether it would have a tail, and THAT would be a similar one to that from pluto.</p></blockquote>
<p>We don&#8217;t have to wonder whether Mercury has a tail, because such a tail has been observed. Mercury is known to have an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%27s_magnetic_field" rel="nofollow">intrinsic magnetic field.</a>. This field is only about 1% of the strength of Earth&#8217;s magnetic field, so distance and time scales of the solar wind&#8217;s interaction with Mercury are considerably shorter than for Earth, but the physics is otherwise the same. Material from the sunward side of Mercury is ablated and photoionized into an ionosphere (as opposed to being dissociated and then photoionized at Earth), and these ions (Na+ being the most abundant, because sodium is relatively common and has a very low first ionization potential) are detectable downtail, in the same way we see O+ from Earth&#8217;s ionosphere downtail. The chemistry may be different, but the physics is the same.</p>
<p>Venus does not have an intrinsic magnetic field, so the physics of how the solar wind interacts with it has important differences. The entire dayside atmosphere is exposed to the solar wind, not just the cusp and polar cap regions like at Earth and Mercury. The interaction is similar to what we see at comets, the main difference being that Venus has a much stronger gravitational field and therefore loses proportionately less material.</p>
<p>The unknown with Pluto is whether it has an intrinsic magnetic field or not. If yes, then the interaction will be similar to Mercury&#8217;s, where an ionosphere that has formed due to ablation from the surface contributes to a magnetically confined tail. If not, then Venus is your model for the interaction. Again, it&#8217;s not necessarily the same chemistry, but it is the same physics. The solar wind doesn&#8217;t care whether the ion it picks up was already in the atmosphere or freshly ablated from the surface.</p>
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		<title>
		By: Wow		</title>
		<link>https://gregladen.com/blog/2016/09/17/pluto-has-tail-x-rays/#comment-464454</link>

		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Wow]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 22 Sep 2016 16:56:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/?p=22935#comment-464454</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[&quot;Pluto DOES have an atmosphere, although rather tenuous&quot;

No, it&#039;s got one in the same way the moon has one. There are molecules in gas form trapped by the planet, but it&#039;s not one thick enough to have a thermodynamic temperature, because it&#039;s far too rare.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;Pluto DOES have an atmosphere, although rather tenuous&#8221;</p>
<p>No, it&#8217;s got one in the same way the moon has one. There are molecules in gas form trapped by the planet, but it&#8217;s not one thick enough to have a thermodynamic temperature, because it&#8217;s far too rare.</p>
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		<title>
		By: Wow		</title>
		<link>https://gregladen.com/blog/2016/09/17/pluto-has-tail-x-rays/#comment-464453</link>

		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Wow]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 22 Sep 2016 16:54:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/?p=22935#comment-464453</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Indeed, a gas cannot, by definition, be volatile from its state as a gas.

So if it was a gas before it got hit by the solar wind, it can&#039;t have been volatile.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Indeed, a gas cannot, by definition, be volatile from its state as a gas.</p>
<p>So if it was a gas before it got hit by the solar wind, it can&#8217;t have been volatile.</p>
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		<title>
		By: Wow		</title>
		<link>https://gregladen.com/blog/2016/09/17/pluto-has-tail-x-rays/#comment-464452</link>

		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Wow]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 22 Sep 2016 16:53:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/?p=22935#comment-464452</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[&quot;These two things are the same physical process. As long as the material is volatile&quot;

And no, they aren&#039;t being ejected because they are volatile.

We have an atmosphere, pluto doesn&#039;t. One is the result of sublimation, the other from the force of thermal motion of the gas BEFORE IT LEAVES THE PLANET.

They aren&#039;t the same thing, eric. They aren&#039;t the same thing.

The tail pluto shows has a different source from that of venus.

You can wonder if, in absence of an atmosphere, like mercury, whether it would have a tail, and THAT would be a similar one to that from pluto.

But the one you&#039;re talking of is from a different mechanism.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;These two things are the same physical process. As long as the material is volatile&#8221;</p>
<p>And no, they aren&#8217;t being ejected because they are volatile.</p>
<p>We have an atmosphere, pluto doesn&#8217;t. One is the result of sublimation, the other from the force of thermal motion of the gas BEFORE IT LEAVES THE PLANET.</p>
<p>They aren&#8217;t the same thing, eric. They aren&#8217;t the same thing.</p>
<p>The tail pluto shows has a different source from that of venus.</p>
<p>You can wonder if, in absence of an atmosphere, like mercury, whether it would have a tail, and THAT would be a similar one to that from pluto.</p>
<p>But the one you&#8217;re talking of is from a different mechanism.</p>
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		<title>
		By: Greg Laden		</title>
		<link>https://gregladen.com/blog/2016/09/17/pluto-has-tail-x-rays/#comment-464451</link>

		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Greg Laden]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Sep 2016 18:30:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/?p=22935#comment-464451</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[My use of the word tail comes from expert comments by experts.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>My use of the word tail comes from expert comments by experts.</p>
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		<title>
		By: Eric Lund		</title>
		<link>https://gregladen.com/blog/2016/09/17/pluto-has-tail-x-rays/#comment-464450</link>

		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Eric Lund]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Sep 2016 17:16:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/?p=22935#comment-464450</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[&lt;blockquote&gt;Are you sure you mean a tail, or are you confusing the stripping of the atmosphere of Venus with a tail created from evanescent material *and particles* in a cometary tail?&lt;/blockquote&gt;

These two things are the same physical process. As long as the material is volatile, it&#039;s a detail whether the picked-up ion was already a gaseous neutral atom/molecule or something that was ablated from a solid surface before it was photoionized. Either way, the particles are confined to a plasma tail by the surrounding solar wind.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>Are you sure you mean a tail, or are you confusing the stripping of the atmosphere of Venus with a tail created from evanescent material *and particles* in a cometary tail?</p></blockquote>
<p>These two things are the same physical process. As long as the material is volatile, it&#8217;s a detail whether the picked-up ion was already a gaseous neutral atom/molecule or something that was ablated from a solid surface before it was photoionized. Either way, the particles are confined to a plasma tail by the surrounding solar wind.</p>
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		<title>
		By: Brainstorms		</title>
		<link>https://gregladen.com/blog/2016/09/17/pluto-has-tail-x-rays/#comment-464449</link>

		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Brainstorms]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Sep 2016 16:50:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/?p=22935#comment-464449</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap970320.html

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap160101.html

Note the potential differences in the angles between the two tails...  Depends on where they are in their orbits.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap970320.html" rel="nofollow ugc">http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap970320.html</a></p>
<p><a href="http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap160101.html" rel="nofollow ugc">http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap160101.html</a></p>
<p>Note the potential differences in the angles between the two tails&#8230;  Depends on where they are in their orbits.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
		
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		<title>
		By: Brainstorms		</title>
		<link>https://gregladen.com/blog/2016/09/17/pluto-has-tail-x-rays/#comment-464448</link>

		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Brainstorms]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Sep 2016 16:47:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/?p=22935#comment-464448</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Comets have TWO tails: particles that &quot;boil&quot; off their surfaces, and trail in the direction of their orbits, and ions that are swept off and pushed away from the Sun due to solar wind.

Pluto DOES have an atmosphere, although rather tenuous, and subject to change (sublimation &#038; freezing on the surface) as its orbit takes it further from the Sun.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Comets have TWO tails: particles that &#8220;boil&#8221; off their surfaces, and trail in the direction of their orbits, and ions that are swept off and pushed away from the Sun due to solar wind.</p>
<p>Pluto DOES have an atmosphere, although rather tenuous, and subject to change (sublimation &amp; freezing on the surface) as its orbit takes it further from the Sun.</p>
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		<title>
		By: Wow		</title>
		<link>https://gregladen.com/blog/2016/09/17/pluto-has-tail-x-rays/#comment-464447</link>

		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Wow]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Sep 2016 16:38:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/?p=22935#comment-464447</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Are you sure you mean a tail, or are you confusing the stripping of the atmosphere of Venus with a tail created from evanescent material *and particles* in a cometary tail?

Pluto doesn&#039;t have an atmosphere, and not because the sun&#039;s so close it&#039;s blowing off the atoms.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Are you sure you mean a tail, or are you confusing the stripping of the atmosphere of Venus with a tail created from evanescent material *and particles* in a cometary tail?</p>
<p>Pluto doesn&#8217;t have an atmosphere, and not because the sun&#8217;s so close it&#8217;s blowing off the atoms.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
		
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		<item>
		<title>
		By: Brainstorms		</title>
		<link>https://gregladen.com/blog/2016/09/17/pluto-has-tail-x-rays/#comment-464446</link>

		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Brainstorms]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Sep 2016 14:59:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/?p=22935#comment-464446</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[It&#039;s not just solar wind particles; it&#039;s also from cosmic rays.  And it&#039;s not just Pluto.  Our own moon is bright in gamma rays due to this phenomenon:

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap160429.html]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>It&#8217;s not just solar wind particles; it&#8217;s also from cosmic rays.  And it&#8217;s not just Pluto.  Our own moon is bright in gamma rays due to this phenomenon:</p>
<p><a href="http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap160429.html" rel="nofollow ugc">http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap160429.html</a></p>
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